Gilded Age Entrepreneurs Andrew Carnegie Steel Industry, philanthropist wrote Gospel of Wealth John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil, philanthropist Edwin Drake Pennsylvania Oil industry Captains of Industry have a positive impact of the economy Robber Barons motivated by greed
Gilded Age Inventors & Inventions Thomas Alva Edison and the light bulb Alexander Graham Bell and the telephone ------ mechanical reaper, steel plow, barbed wire Bessemer Process
Gilded Age groups political bosses run political machines factory workers form unions Haymarket Riot railroad workers the transcontinental railroad makes travel faster and reduces the cost of transporting goods Native Americans Dawes Act to assimilate gold prospectorsKlondike Gold Rush Chinese workers railroad workers Chinese Exclusion Act Texas cowboys railroads ended long cattle drives
African Americans the Reconstruction Amendments 13th (ended slavery in the US); 14th (established citizenship and equal protection); and 15th (voting rights for African American males) establish civil rights on a national level, but . . . on the state level (especially the southern states) Jim Crow Laws establish a pattern of discrimination; poll taxes and literacy exams are created to discourage African Americans from voting
President James Garfield assassinated in 1881; his death directly led to passage of the Pendleton Act (1883) which ended Political Spoils System by establishing merit-based exams for government jobs
European Immigrants the “New Immigrants” of the Gilded Age (1) arrived from Eastern (Poland, Russia) and Southern Europe (Italy) (2) spoken little or no English (3) never voted in an election (4) had limited manufacturing skills (5) were Roman Catholic, Jewish, or Eastern Orthodox Families Migrating West The Homestead Act encouraged settlements of the land west of the Mississippi River. Settlers were required to live on the property for a certain amount of time and make improvements on the land to have ownership Settlers had to cope with (1) lack of trees (2) angry Native Americans (3) isolation (4) harsh weather—including tornados
Progressive Era 1890s -1920 (1) suffrage (2) temperance (3) laissez-faire (4) interstate (5) spoils system (6) municipal
Progressive Era Reformers Upton Sinclair author of The Jungle; meat packing industry exposed Susan B. Anthony suffragette, 19th Amendment Jane Addams Hull House; for new immigrants in Chicago Ida B. Wells anti-lynching crusader W.E.B. DuBois civil rights leader, one of the founders of NAACP John Muir naturalist, founded the Sierra Club
U.S. Congress enacts Progressive Era Amendments: 16th (established a federal income tax); 17th (the direct election of US senators by voters); 18th (Prohibition of Alcohol); 19th (Voting Rights for females)
Progressive Era Presidents Theodore RooseveltPure Food and Drug Act; Meat Inspection Act Woodrow WilsonFederal Reserve Act; National Park Service
Progressive Era groups muckrakers reform minded journalists, exposed corruption temperance society members abstained from alcohol, 18th Amendment suffragettes Women seeking right to vote
religious leaders promote the Social Gospel (which encourages people to help each other) rather than Social Darwinism (which encourages the rich to take advantage of the poor)
(Progressive Era) farmers supported Interstate Commerce Act to regulate railroads; innovations in farming machines reduced the need for farm workers and increased crop production
Populist Party members early 1890’s 3rd Political Party; most supporters are farmers. The Populist Party Platform for the 1892 Presidential included: (1) A graduated income tax (2) Presidential term limits (3) direct election of senators (4) bimetallism instead of just gold as the basis of the monetary policy
Progressive Party members formed in 1912 as 3rd political party, also called the “Bull Moose Party”, supported Theodore Roosevelt's reelection Roosevelt’s Presidential campaign split the Republican Party making it possible for Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win
America Expansion and Foreign Intervention 1898-1920 (1) militarism (2) annexation (3) imperialism (4) domestic policy vs foreign policy (5) selective service (6) espionage
American Expansionists Alfred Mahan supports steel navy, overseas naval bases Sanford Dole first governor of the US territory of Hawaii William McKinley President during the Spanish American War John Hay US Sec. of State supports Open Door Policy William Howard Taft US President supports Dollar Diplomacy
American Military leaders Alvin York the most decorated U.S soldier of World War I John J. Pershing commander of the AEF in World War 1 Theodore Roosevelt US President; leader of the Rough Riders in Cuba during Spanish Am. War
US political leaders Woodrow Wilson President during WW1; supported "14 points" after the war Henry Cabot Lodge US Senator, rejected US in League of Nations
Empire-World War One groups Hawaiian Royal family US annexed Hawaii Filipino rebel demand independence for Philippines Spanish soldier fought and lost Spanish-Am. War German U Boat commander unrestricted submarine warfare Panamanian canal worker Panama Canal, malaria problems American Expeditionary Force American soldier in WW1 anti-war (WW1) protesters Espionage Act, Schenck vs. United States
German Empire, Astro-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire Central Powers
United Kingdom, France, Russia and the United States Allied Powers
World War One Battlefield Soldier had to face: (1) machine guns (2) poisoned gas (3) bombs dropped from airplanes (4) disease caused by living in filthy trenches (5) tanks (6) "No Man's Land"